Thursday, October 31, 2019

Private and public management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Private and public management - Essay Example However, public management involves managing critical infrastructure which directly disturbs quality of public life. In fact, in many cases, huge government spending on public management, relying on the estimates given by public managers leads to create interest conflicts and violets ethical guidelines to a great magnitude (Boyne 97-122). Private management refers to a situation where responsibilities are delegated to some private organizations to manage and control certain areas of services such as schools and hospitals. In this paper, the operational efficiencies created by private and public management will be analyzed. To understand the theory better, the functioning of the publicly funded health care system, National Health Service (NHS), will be evaluated in the light of management differences in public and private sector. As mentioned earlier, National Health Service is a publicly funded health care unit based in the countries of United Kingdom. The healthcare system is mainly funded through the tax collected by the nation centrally. National Health Service is aimed at providing wide array of healthcare services among which most of the services are not chargeable for the legal residents of the United Kingdom. The services of NHS are categorized under four discrete systems such as National Health Service (England), Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland, NHS Scotland and NHS Wales. These four systems are generally different and independent of each other in terms of management, regulations and political accountability. However, the basic functions are performed on a regular basis, as regulated by the UK Department of Health. Healthcare services provided through all these four segments are denominated under the â€Å"NHS†; only the unit provides services in England, is officially called Natio nal Health Service. Nevertheless, no

Monday, October 28, 2019

Professional Negligence Case Notes Essay Example for Free

Professional Negligence Case Notes Essay In relation to professional negligence the concept of the reasonable man becomes that of the reasonable professional. The reasonable man will normally lack the skill and expertise acquired by the professional. These professional men and women are not only required to take reasonable care but also to measure up to the standard of competency that can be expected from such professionals-that is the standard of, for example the reasonable nurse or the reasonable solicitor. The Irish Supreme Court considered the issue of Medical Negligence in The case of Dunne v. The National Maternity Hospital {1989} IR 91 and set out the standard of care in what we call professional negligence. In this case the plaintiff sued the hospital, claiming that he had suffered severe brain damage while being delivered, due to the negligence of the attending doctors. The Chief Justice set out the standard of care required from medical doctors (and equally other professionals) as : â€Å"The true test for establishing negligence in the diagnosis or treatment on the part of a medical practitioner is whether he has been proved to be guilty of such failure as no medical practitioner of equal specialist or general status and skill would be guilty of if acting with ordinary care† Page 109 Thus the courts rely on what is reasonable among the profession. In determining what is reasonable for a nurse in any circumstances the courts will consider whether the nurse acted in accordance with general and accepted practice. Generally if they have acted in accordance with general and accepted practice then the nurse will not be negligent. In the Dunne case the Chief justice as expressed this If an allegation of negligence against a medical practitioner is based on proof that he deviated from a general and accepted practice, that will not establish negligence unless it is also proved that the course he did take was one which no medical practitioner of like specialisation and skill would have followed had he been taking ordinary care required from a person of his qualifications If a medical practitioner charged with negligence defends his conduct by establishing that he followed a practice which was general, and hich was approved of by his colleagues of similar specialisation and skill, he cannot escape liability if in reply the plaintiff establishes that such practice has inherent defects which ought to be obvious to any person giving the matter due consideration. An honest difference of opinion between doctors as to which is the better of two ways of treating a patient does not provide any ground for leaving to the ju ry {or judge} as to whether a person who has followed one course rather than the other has been negligence. It is not for a jury {or judge} to decide which of two alternative courses of treatment is in their {or his} opinion preferable, but their (or his) function is merely to decide whether the course of treatment followed, on the evidence, complied with the careful conduct of a medical practitioner of like specialisation and skill to that professed by the defendant. † This comprises a major statement by the Irish Supreme Court as regards to the general principles in relation to professional negligence. A number of points might be noted in relation to these principles: 1. It was accepted that â€Å"general and approved practice† need not be universal –but it must be approved of, and implemented by, a substantial number of the profession holding the relevant specialist or general qualification 2. A professional may deviate from general and approved practice although with the limitation that it should not be one that â€Å"no medical practitioner of like specialisation and skill would have followed had he been taking ordinary care required from a person of his qualifications† This provision acknowledges the nature of professional work and the need to employ discretion in order to advance professional development 3. It is expert evidence that determines what â€Å"general and approved practice† is. In the case of a professional that is evidence of fellow members of the profession. These principles have been upheld by the Irish courts on a number of occasions Example : Healy v The North -western Health Board (unreported, High Court, 31 January 1996, Flood J) Facts: this case concerned a difference of opinion as regards what course of action should have been followed in the discharge of a entally ill patient. It was contended that the Health board was negligent in the discharge of the plaintiff’s father who committed suicide following discharge. This man had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital suffering from depression and was discharged after nine days. It was claimed that the discharge procedure was not properly conducted. This procedure in relation to a patient suffering from depression involved consideration of the potential risk of suicidal traits. An expert witness concluded that the hospital notes did not appear to show a proper assessment of risk had been undertaken prior to discharge. Apart from one note there was no evidence that staff carried out a suicide risk assessment. Another expert was of the view that it was not sufficient to ask the patient about suicide especially when there were some pointers towards suicidal thoughts. Expert witnesses said that in relation to suicide assessment there were two schools of thought . One school believed that the process of suicide risk assessment must be a formal one consisting of consistent and continuous inquiry into the mental state of the patient . The discharge must be as a result of an informed decision accompanied by the risk assessment The second school of thought expressed a more informal approach, including discussion with other healthcare professional involved in care and employing a checklist approach. The practice in many parts of Ireland was of the more informal nature and if the patient did not bring up the issue then it was not followed by further questions. The court in deciding the question applied the principles stated in the Dunne case. The test applied then was whether the defendant acted with ordinary care of an equally competent practitioner as to the administration of a general practice approved by a substantial amount of practitioners of like skill and specialisation. The principles in the Dunne case state that a difference of opinion is no grounds to establish liability. Applying these principles to the case the court held: It was not up to the judge to decide which of two schools of thought –the formal or informal – was to be preferred. It was however inherent in both that the risk of suicide in a patient with depression was assessed prior to discharge. In this the court did not interfere in the professional judgement as to which form that assessment took but it was clear that it was â€Å" general and approved practice† that the risk of suicide was assessed prior to ischarge of a patient suffering from depression. In this instance the court accepted that the procedure was not incorrect but the question arose as to whether it was carried out in a manner that accorded with general and approved practice. The court held that there was no indication that the assessment had been carried out, as was good practice and noted in the patients clinical notes. There was no evidence then that the patient was in firm remission. The court held the defendant negligent in not having carried out an assessment And, if he had carried out an assessment, it would have been inadequate or inadequately considered. There are a number of points that might be made in relation to this judgement-there were two aspects of the care of this patient that led the court to consider the defendants negligent: 1 The hospital did not maintain proper clinical records on the plaintiff’s father 2 The decision that the patient was in firm remission was not supported by general and approved practice of assessment of risk of suicide

Saturday, October 26, 2019

The Meaning of Wine in Egyptian Tombs: Article Analysis

The Meaning of Wine in Egyptian Tombs: Article Analysis The find of Tutankhamun’s tomb is significant in its being one of a few intact royal tombs to have been discovered in Egypt thus far. Many of the artifacts in the tomb were spectacular, but the three amphorae found in Tutankhamun’s burial chamber raised many questions. Maria Rosa Guasch-Janà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s article looks at the amphorae found within the tomb, and attempts to answer some of the questions surrounding them. Using inscriptions found in the tomb as well as residue analysis, Guasch-Janà © is able to identify the wines and argue for their symbolic meaning in the context of not only Tutankhamun’s era, but wine in general throughout Egyptian history. This paper will provide a summary of the article â€Å"The meaning of wine in Egyptian tombs: the three amphorae from Tutankhamun’s burial chamber†, as well as identify the problem in trying to solve the claim. This paper will also identify the methods used to solve the claim as well as state how t his article might be useful to others with related research. According to the article, upon discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun 23 amphorae were found placed within the annexe chamber of the tomb. Within the burial chamber itself, 3 more amphorae were discovered appearing to have been intentionally placed towards the west, east and south of Tutankhamun’s sarcophagus. This find therefore caused the author to ask: â€Å"why were these wine jars not stored in the annexe chamber with the rest of the wine, but placed instead in the burial chamber?†, â€Å"Does the position of the three wine jars have any meaning?†. Along with this, the author notes that no amphora was found on the northern side of the chamber. As a result, Guach-Janà © identifies the purpose of this article as being â€Å"to use the residue to identify the nature of the wine that had been in the amphorae and investigate their symbolism in the context of what is known[1]† in Egyptian mythology. According to Howard Carter, there were signs of intruders in the tomb but little damage was actually done to the tomb. Although the seals on the wine jars had been broken, the amphorae were found to have had residue wine left inside. Along with residue, hieratic inscriptions on the jars showed differences in the vintage, origin and production of the wines. This evidence may be used to identify signs of trade and distribution in Egyptian society. Using chromatography mass spectrometry, it was determined that a white wine was present in the eastern amphorae, a red wine in the western amphorae, and a red grape wine with elaborate preparation marked â€Å"shedeh† was present in the southern amphorae. According to Guach-Janà ©, the shedeh was a much appreciated beverage with a high value and as a result, Guach-Janà © is led to ask â€Å"Was this for symbolic reasons?† In order to answer the many questions, Guasch-Janà © explores the historical background of wine in ancient Egypt. According to the author, large quantities of storage jars were found in Egyptian tombs at Abydos and Saqqara and â€Å"were interpreted to be for the sustenance of the deceased in the afterlife[2]† as funerary offerings to the spirit of the dead. Tombs dating to the Middle Kingdom depict offerings of wine made to the dead and placed in front of the tomb’s false door from which the buried person was supposed to emerge, thus showing evidence of a belief in resurrection. Guach-Janà © further states that in ancient Egypt, wine was mainly consumed by the royal family and the upper classes, and served as an offering to the gods by the pharaoh or priests in a daily temple ritual. In order to further understand the ancient Egyptian behaviour, the author ventures to understand the symbolism of wine in ancient Egypt. Guach-Janà © employs cognitive archaeology in or der to understand the Egyptian behaviour and attitude towards wine. By looking at cosmology and ancient Egyptian mythology, this understanding becomes more fervent. According to ancient Egyptian mythology, the god Osiris was known as being the â€Å"lord of wine†. The grape harvests coincided with the Nile flood and the red colour of the Nile and as a result[3], grapes became the symbol of resurrection. Furthermore, the god Ra’s transformation from the red of sunset to the yellow of sunrise may be an explanation for the amphorae. Guach-Janà © suggests that the positioning of amphorae of red wine in the west and white wine in the east of the burial chamber may be seen as part of the ritual which symbolises the king’s journey into the afterlife; the red wine at sunset and the white wine at sunrise. To explain the amphorae placed to the south, and the lack of an amphorae to the north, Guasch-Janà © notes that in the southern sky there are stars that rise and set. According to mythology, the critical part of the king’s renewal after death took place when the union of Ra and Osiris occurred. As a result, the Guach-Janà © suggests that the supply of shedeh on Tutankhamun’s south wall may have been intended to strengthen the king in his trip through the southern sky. Guach-Janà © employs Ethnoarchaeology by retracing Egyptian history to the Eighteenth Dynasty and analysing the behaviour of the people of the time whose beliefs were centered upon the course of the sun and asserted that all life was created by the sun. This is represented through finds such as tombs in Amarna where everything is oriented towards the east. Furthermore, finds, such as artifacts found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, show great attention to the combination of Ra and Osiris. According to mythology, Osiris became Ra at night and becomes that constellation of Orion in the southern sky and in the morning Ra arises again. This belief is represented in a text on the exterior of Tutankhamun’s shrine which describes the rejuvenation of the sun in the east by the figure of the unified Ra-Osiris. As a result, the shedeh found on the south wall may be representative of the pharaoh’s journey whilst no wine was needed on the north. Guasch-Janà © concludes liquid offerings may have had considerable symbolic meaning in ancient Egypt. She suggests that there is a symbolic purpose for the positioning of the amphorae. The red wine to the west was representative of Tutankhamun’s transfiguration as Osiris-Ra; the white wine to the east was the transfiguration to Ra in the morning, and the shedeh to the south may be representative of the king’s most difficult step of rebirth. Ultimately, Guach-Janà © concludes that the wines found in the annexe were undoubtedly offerings of the usual king for sustenance in the afterlife. By analysis of the residue found in the amphorae along with the ideological thinking of the time, it may be concluded that Guasch-Janà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s conclusion is well supported. Although it may be argued that the research is inconclusive due to the inability to determine what ancient societies were actually thinking, analysis of writings and artifacts outlined in the article are sufficie nt to rule out any problematic assumptions or logical errors. Ultimately, I believe that the research done is significant as it eliminates the ambiguity surrounding the placement of amphorae in tombs, and it allows for a greater insight into the behaviour or the ancient Egyptians. Reference(s) Guasch Janà ©, Maria Rosa. â€Å"The meaning of wine in Egyptian Tombs: the three amphorae from Tutankhamun’s burial chamber.† Antiquity 85 (329), (2011): 851-858 [1] Guasch Janà ©, Maria Rosa. [2] Guasch Janà ©, Maria Rosa [3] Guasch Janà ©, Maria Rosa

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Homosexuality Essay -- Gay Lesbian Homosexual Essays

Homosexuality My frustration with debate about homosexuality stems not so much from the arguments themselves, but the actual method of argument. Often, two â€Å"experts† will approach the topic from two radically different â€Å"expert† fields. One may be a New Testament scholar and thus draws out the intricacies of Romans 1:18-28 and the true meaning of the word â€Å"homosexual offender† (i.e. older man sleeping with a young boy) in that case. The other may be a biologist who appeals to natural logic and reproduction to defend sex as a behavior meant for heterosexuals. Both of them are right within their own expertise. But they cannot, then, debate, for it would be like Chuck pitching to a batter on another baseball field. I was pleasantly surprised, then, when Via and Gagnon approached the issue of homosexuality from the same basis—the Bible. If indeed homosexuality is to be embraced (or rejected) by the Church as a legitimate expression of one’s being, then one cannot dismiss the Bible as only part of the argument. Behind almost every denominational tradition, the Bible stands as a primary source of wisdom/ethics/practice that, even if its inerrancy is being questioned more recently, cannot be discounted so easily. Approaches: Therefore, they both come to scripture as authoritative, though both also read it through a historical/cultural critics’ lens. Gagnon certainly takes the position that the Old Testament and New Testament commandments condemning homosexual practices are absolute, saying that a purely scientific renege of multiple biblical instructions is not enough. As scripture interprets scripture, he points out that Ezekiel, Jude, and other texts all support homosexualities’ blanket condemnation. Via seems m... ..., they should not act upon them in a sexual way, as they can be fully alive without sex. Some questions I still harbor: If homosexuality is something God has given humanity as a sign of God’s wrath (as Via implies) and not necessarily a sin, ought we still accept it? Can we take the Leviticus passage out of context and put it with the â€Å"impure† laws about menstruation when it actually rests between a verse about not sacrificing to idols (obviously against both OT and NT law) and having sex with animals? If we can, then we may make the case that beastiality was just an impurity law and is now a legitimate form of sexual expression. Should we make decisions in the Church based on what is best for the whole body in terms of acceptance and love of people (so that others may be more open to hearing the gospel message), even if it may be â€Å"wrong† according to scripture?

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Plot V Style – Therese Raquin

Though literature, like all art forms, is subjective, people never hesitate to critique it as if their word were final. Book critics usually prefer novels which cleverly encompass all aspects of literature. This includes plot and style, but also an array of other aspects. However, if one were to prioritize, would style and language trump plot? It all depends on themes. For example, Emile Zola, while writing Therese Raquin which focuses on human behavior in a psychological novel, might put emphasis on plot to get his point across. But if his language is faulty, his style ambiguous; then will the reader truly understand Zola’s intentions? Style in a novel is the author’s technique, such as his diction or syntax. However, because the version of the book being investigated is a translation, we mustn’t look too far into diction. But style also sets the tone of the chapter, paragraph, and the entire novel. Therese Raquin may have a killer plot, but can the reader really understand the novel if they cannot identify the tone? From the very beginning, we can identify the tone as bleak and depressive, when Zola is describing Rue Du Pont Neuf at the very first page, and writes â€Å"This arcade is some thirty paces long and no more than two wide; it is paved with yellowish flagstones, worn, uneven, permanently exuding an acrid-smelling damp, and is covered by a right-angled glass roof black with grime. † One can immediately identify the morbid tone in this passage. If Zola were to write â€Å"the arcade is long and narrow, with flagstones and a rather dirty glass roof† no type of tone could be interpreted, or if it could, it would be one far from that of which Zola intended. Similarly, toward the end of the book on page 166, when Madame Raquin, paralysed and weak, attempts to denounce Laurent and Therese’s actions to the guests, Zola described the lovers’ reaction: â€Å"Therese could not speak; she, like Laurent, had followed the paralytic woman’s extreme efforts and was now staring at her hand, chalk white in the harsh lamplight, an avenging hand that was about to speak. The two murderers waited, holding their breath. † The description of the hand and words like â€Å"harsh† and â€Å"avenging† describe this fearful tone of the situation. To understand Therese’s emotions at that time, the tone proves to be very important. Authors like Zola write in the way that they do for very specific reasons. Maybe plot is more important simply because modern readers don’t care for style: They want what happens here and now, which satisfies them enough. But for the more exploratory reader, style is to be valued just as much, as they will be looking to fully understand the text and come out of it with their own interpretation of said work. Style in this particular novel conveys the tone to the reader, which is essential to understanding Zola’s criticism of human nature. The plot in Therese Raquin is of Therese’s monotonous and suffocating life, which gets flipped and turned upside down by the arrival of Laurent. The plot of the story is a very thin veil for Zola’s intentions. However, this plot fits very specifically to his intentions. This is of course to be expected, but when judging the importance of plot, we must decide how important the plot of this book is to get Zola’s message across. As stated in the preface to the second edition, Zola states that â€Å"In Therese Raquin my aim has been to study temperaments, not characters. That is the whole point of the book. I have chosen people completely dominated by their nerves and blood, without free will, drawn into each other action of their lives by the inexorable laws of their physical nature. † Zola intended to focus on the four humors, and associating them to the four main characters. He states that his objective â€Å"has been first and foremost a scientific one. † His study of these four characters involves setting them problems, as if they were animals. Therefore, based on Zola’s own words, one must come to the conclusion that the plot is as important as anything. He claims nothing that Therese and Laurent did was of their own free will. In fact, they were needs, consequences or a simple organic disorder. As Zola puts it, â€Å"Therese and Laurent are human animals, nothing more. † This plot was written very intently with the purpose of communicating Zola’s â€Å"experiment† to the world. Anything else he writes is an extra, as the plot is the main focal point in this novel, as it is a study of the four temperaments. When considering Therese Raquin, one must come to the conclusion that without this exact plot, Zola’s study does not arrive at the same result. The plot is absolutely essential, but that is because his book is more than just a novel. Modern literature is more focused on providing entertainment for the reader. This novel, and many like it, is a study into human nature, which uses this plot as a means of communicating it. This does not completely disregard any contribution from the style. It is still a very important factor in the novel, and all literary works. Despite this, based on Emile Zola’s Therese Raquin, the conclusion is that plot is more valued than style.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on Roman Empire

Julius Caesar The Romans had a practical attitude to religion, as to most things, which perhaps explains why they themselves had difficulty in taking to the idea of a single, all-seeing, all-powerful god. As the Romans had a religion of their own, it was not based on any central belief, but on a mixture of fragmented rituals, taboos, superstitions, and traditions which they collected over the years from a number of sources. To the Romans, religion was less a spiritual experience than a contractual relationship between mankind and the forces that were believed to control people's existence and well being. The result of such religious attitudes were two things: a state cult, the significant influence on political and military events of which outlasted the republic, and a private concern, in which the head of the family oversaw the domestic rituals and prayers in the same way as the representatives of the people performed the public ceremonials. However, as circumstances and people's view of the world changed, individuals whose personal religious needs remained unsatisfied turned increasingly during the first century AD to the mysteries, which were of Greek origin, and to the cults of the east. Most of the Roman gods and goddesses were a blend of several religious influences. Many were introduced via the Greek colonies of southern Italy. Many also had their roots in old religions of the Etruscans or Latin tribes. Most form of religious activity required some kind of sacrifice. And prayer could be a confusing matter due to some gods having multiple names or their sex even being unknown. The practice of Roman religion was a confusing thing. If the Roman State entertained temples and rituals for the benefit of the greater gods, then the Romans in the privacy of their own homes also worshipped their domestic deities. After the Augustan Age, people started to believe in different god(s). Jesus of Nazareth was a charismatic Jewish le... Free Essays on Roman Empire Free Essays on Roman Empire The Greeks, after their country had been reduced into a province, imputed the triumphs of Rome, not to the merit, but to the FORTUNE, of the republic. The inconstant goddess, who so blindly distributes and resumes her favours, had now consented (such was the language of envious flattery) to resign her wings, to descend from her globe, and to fix her firm and immutable throne on the banks of the Tiber.[1] A wiser Greek, who has composed, with a philosophic spirit, the memorable history of his own times, deprived his countrymen of this vain and delusive comfort by opening to their view the deep foundations of the greatness of Rome.[2] The fidelity of the citizens to each other, and to the state, was confirmed by the habits of education and the prejudices of religion. Honour, as well as virtue, was the principle of the republic; the ambitious citizens laboured to deserve the solemn glories of a triumph; and the ardour of the Roman youth was kindled into active emulation, as often as the y beheld the domestic images of their ancestors.[3] The temperate struggles of the patricians and plebeians had finally established the firm and equal balance of the constitution; which united the freedom of popular assemblies with the authority and wisdom of a senate-and the executive powers of a regal magistrate. When the consul displayed the standard of the republic, each citizen bound himself, by the obligation of an oath, to draw his sword in the cause of his country, till he had discharged the sacred duty by a military service of ten years. This wise institution continually poured into the field the rising generations of freemen and soldiers; and their numbers were reinforced by the warlike and populous states of Italy, who, after a brave resistance, had yielded to the valour, and embraced the alliance, of the Romans. The sage historian, who excited the virtue of the younger Scipio and beheld the ruin of Carthage,[4] has accurately described their mili... Free Essays on Roman Empire Julius Caesar The Romans had a practical attitude to religion, as to most things, which perhaps explains why they themselves had difficulty in taking to the idea of a single, all-seeing, all-powerful god. As the Romans had a religion of their own, it was not based on any central belief, but on a mixture of fragmented rituals, taboos, superstitions, and traditions which they collected over the years from a number of sources. To the Romans, religion was less a spiritual experience than a contractual relationship between mankind and the forces that were believed to control people's existence and well being. The result of such religious attitudes were two things: a state cult, the significant influence on political and military events of which outlasted the republic, and a private concern, in which the head of the family oversaw the domestic rituals and prayers in the same way as the representatives of the people performed the public ceremonials. However, as circumstances and people's view of the world changed, individuals whose personal religious needs remained unsatisfied turned increasingly during the first century AD to the mysteries, which were of Greek origin, and to the cults of the east. Most of the Roman gods and goddesses were a blend of several religious influences. Many were introduced via the Greek colonies of southern Italy. Many also had their roots in old religions of the Etruscans or Latin tribes. Most form of religious activity required some kind of sacrifice. And prayer could be a confusing matter due to some gods having multiple names or their sex even being unknown. The practice of Roman religion was a confusing thing. If the Roman State entertained temples and rituals for the benefit of the greater gods, then the Romans in the privacy of their own homes also worshipped their domestic deities. After the Augustan Age, people started to believe in different god(s). Jesus of Nazareth was a charismatic Jewish le... Free Essays on Roman Empire The Roman Empire stood in great power for many decades. Rome for a period of time was considered the center of civilization for years. The empire was beautiful and even though attracted many invaders, was very well protected by the walls surrounding the empire and of course the powerful army. Some people believed that the Roman Empire would last forever. Political Causes Under the rule of Diocletian and later Constantine the empire was split into Western and Eastern parts of Rome. The emperors said that the reason for that was to make it easier to govern. The emperor chose to govern and build the capital in the Eastern part and gave the Western part to a co-emperor. The reason for that might have been that the eastern part was much richer in resources and had better lands for farming. There may have been other reasons for that such as the Eastern part did not produce enough food for both parts of the empire and by separating them they’d have to produce their own food and depend upon themselves. This was the beginning, to a long struggle of the Western part that was now basically left alone. Many reforms came in to law to keep the empire together, such as toleration of Christianity to avoid their rebellion since there were a lot of them. In 313 a.d. the Church started taking part in government which slowly took power away from the empero r. More reforms like fixing prices and giving more freedom of worship kept the empire together but definitely would not last long. This is so because these reforms were made to fit people today taking away from the emperor but they never thought of what’s going to happen after the emperor does not have anything left to give. Which would occur very soon if things were going down as fast they were? There was no one to take matters into their hands so the empire was left to the people themselves to govern. Social Causes The people of the Western empi... Free Essays on Roman Empire Mediterranean World Julius Caesar The Romans had a practical attitude to religion, as to most things, which perhaps explains why they themselves had difficulty in taking to the idea of a single, all-seeing, all-powerful god. As the Romans had a religion of their own, it was not based on any central belief, but on a mixture of fragmented rituals, taboos, superstitions, and traditions which they collected over the years from a number of sources. To the Romans, religion was less a spiritual experience than a contractual relationship between mankind and the forces that were believed to control people's existence and well being. The result of such religious attitudes were two things: a state cult, the significant influence on political and military events of which outlasted the republic, and a private concern, in which the head of the family oversaw the domestic rituals and prayers in the same way as the representatives of the people performed the public ceremonials. However, as circumstances and people's view of the world changed, individuals whose personal religious needs remained unsatisfied turned increasingly during the first century AD to the mysteries, which were of Greek origin, and to the cults of the east. Most of the Roman gods and goddesses were a blend of several religious influences. Many were introduced via the Greek colonies of southern Italy. Many also had their roots in old religions of the Etruscans or Latin tribes. Most form of religious activity required some kind of sacrifice. And prayer could be a confusing matter due to some gods having multiple names or their sex even being unknown. The practice of Roman religion was a confusing thing. If the Roman State entertained temples and rituals for the benefit of the greater gods, then the Romans in the privacy of their own homes also worshipped their domestic deities. After the Augustan Age, people started to believe in different god(s). Jesus of Nazareth was a ... Free Essays on Roman Empire Throughout history there have been many eras that both share similarities as well as differences in the areas of art and civilization. Two eras that illustrate this are the Roman Empire and the Byzantium Empire. In Rome there were three major art forms. The first was civil engineering, which involved building cities in an orderly fashion, in order to accommodate the needs of all citizens. The Romans also used portrait sculptures, which reflected the roman ideals about their people being stern as well as individual. They were used to illustrate the love of patriarchy, love of family, and were usually portraits of actual people. The third art form was commemorative monuments. These were used for propaganda. The monuments helped to instill fear in possible threats, or potential invaders. Also the arch and vault were essential part of Roman monumental architecture. The Romans were a militaristic Empire. They used their architecture to emphasize their power. For example the column of Trajen was used to show the wonder of civil engineering, and the emphasis on military might and their superiority over everyone. The Gladiator Games also say something about Roman civilization. The audience’s at the games were watching the government in action, and witnessing law and order being maintained. By participating in these games the citizens were participating in society, and therefore participating in the government to a certain degree. In the Byzantium Empire the major theme was the idea of God and government. The emperor did not rule by the word of God, but he was the word of God. He was God’s instrument of divine providence personified. This may have been the most total form of Government in the world, in that there was no participatory government. The use of icons was prevalent in the art of Byzantium. The paintings of Christ, saints, and other holy figures illustrated their orthodox beliefs. In Byzantium there was a ...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Othello,The Moor of Venice 1995 Motion Picture Essays

Othello,The Moor of Venice 1995 Motion Picture Essays Othello,The Moor of Venice 1995 Motion Picture Essay Othello,The Moor of Venice 1995 Motion Picture Essay Essay Topic: Othello Response to Othello, The Moor of Venice The 1995 movie Othello is a motion picture of Shakespeares famous play Othello, The Moor of Venice. Prior to watching the film, we had read the original Shakespearean play. There were several components I found interesting in the play. For instance, I realized that the written play and the film did not differ greatly. Also, I had discovered some peculiar features about some of the characters, especially Iago and Othello. The written play, Othello, was definitely well put together and overall amazing. As as the movie. What amazed me the most, however, was the fact that the play and the movie were consistent. I am very accustomed to plays and written works of art being altered when transformed into a film production. This play and movie had remained surprisingly similar. For example, when the play begins, Rodrigo and Iago are discussing matters about Desdemona and her new husband. This is the exact way that the movie had begun as well. Although I know a few actions were altered, such as the scene when Desdemona drops her handkerchief, the changed scenes are ot at all significant changes, instead they were very subtle. This took me by surprise. Many books I have read as a child were altered so much when its corresponding movie came out. The possible reason why the movie and play remained consistent must be, in my opinion, that the Shakespeares plays were already amazing works of art that any alterations can really change the affect the play has on people. As I had mentioned, Shakespeare had a wonderful talent of creating such artistic literary works of art. One of the strongest elements, in my opinion, of Othello was the way hat Shakespeare had created his characters, particularly Iago and Othello. Iago is very mysterious villan. He plots against Desdemona and her husband Othello throughout the entire movie. For instance, he begins convincing Othello that his wife, Desdemona, has been cheating on him with Cassio, all supposedly for Rodrigo. In the end, after all of the drama and plotting people against others, all of these characters as well as lagds wife end up dead. This was all lagds fault. It is not very clear why he had these intentions. The only explanation is that he is a psychopath. From what I had observed, Iago has no motives to create all of this destruction. It seems as if he just wanted to play. Also, he did not feel any bit guilty or remorseful of his actions. This took me by surprise because Iago really turned out to be such a cold hearted character. I understand that Iago is a terrible manipulative and cold hearted person, however for some reason, I was still shocked at the end of movie when Iago killed his own wife, Emilia. I thought that although he has close to no feelings, he would atleast e a little bit charismatic towards his own wife. It really was emotional to watch. I also wanted to comment on Othellos character. Othello is a strong and older black male that has had such high rankings and was able to wed the woman of his dreams, the fair Desdemona. The most interesting thing to me was that this man was actually really insecure. He should not be so insecure and unsure about himself if he remembers who is. I understand why he may be a bit insecure about his wife wife had been seeing Cassio. Instead of discussing this matter with his wife and Cassio, he instead believed Iago and ordered that Cassio be killed and then proceeded to kill his wife as well for cheating on him. I Just think that if he had been less insecure about the situation and tried to find out the truth, he would have realized that the only person whom had betrayed him was the one and only Iago. These two characters are a work of art. The reason why I say this is because if Shakespeare hadnt created such dramatic characters that possess these personalities, this amazing plot would not exist.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

The Revolution of Digital Technology

The Revolution of Digital Technology Introduction Digital Revolution refers to the change in technology that has been going on in the last 40 years from analog technology and mechanical technology to the digital technology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Revolution of Digital Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The revolution have been characterized by rapid developments in the information technology with the computers becoming,faster,cheaper,powerful and smaller and this has information technology to be part and parcel of lives as it is embedded in almost all the products and people are adjusting very fast to the rapid pace that the information environment is changing. Other developments that have been realized as far as the revolution is concerned includes the digital television, digital democracy,gaming,mobile phone, the world wide web, online social networking,vitual communities, music and multimedia, digital divide among others. The fo llowing essay covers the issues relating to the revolution of information and the challenges that are hinder the effective revolution of digital technology. History and timeline of digital technology The invention of personal compute in the mid 20th century enhanced the invention of new technologies by converging the previous analog technology to digital format. This made it possible to make identical copies of the original and hence the ability of accessing and distributing information remotely between media. A significant development as far as the digital revolution is concerned is the transition of music from analog to recorded digital one in they early 1980s (Hoare,1998). The whole phenomenon behind digital revolution started with the invention of a transistor which in turn facilitated the invention of a microprocessor. The microprocessor saw the development of the personal computers and it was the invention of the personal computers that paved way for other digital devices that are present today. The transistor that facilitated the invention of digital computers was invented in 1947 and so the computers came onto being in the mid 1950s and it was only the government, military and the organizations that had the computer systems.As a result of digital computers invention, the World Wide Web was created.Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The personal computers were later invented in the 1970s in which the time sharing between computers was effectively realized. The general public became familiar with the computers in the 1980s in the industrialized nations such as U.S, Geramny, France among others. Thus people bought the computers for home and business use.Many people became conversant with the computers and also many jobs were created as a result. It is also in the 1980s that the first cell phone was created by Motorola (Creeber Martin, 2008). The period between 1990s and 2000 was also characterized by significant developments in the digital era. First, the internet was released by the World Wide Web and so many businesses had the chance of advertising themselves. People from the developed nations were the first beneficiary of internet invention but the digital revolution eventually spread to the entire globe in 1990s implying that even people from the developing countries had the access to internet. The cell phone was also developed in this era but much later which had the effect of enhancing communication among people. The Social-economic Impacts of digital revolution The revolution of digital technology has had both positive as well as negative impact as far as social and economic aspects are concerned. The positive impacts of the revolution of the digital technology include the fact that it has enhanced interconnectedness among people. The interconnectedness has reduced costs and time as far as sending and receiving the information is concerned. In the past, people used to spend much money in an order to convey information (Hofstede, 1997). The digital technology has also made information to be easily accessible unlike in the past and this have resulted to great efficiency in organizations and hence enabling them to achieve their objectives. The World Wide Web has been of much assistance as it has facilitated the outsourcing by the companies and hence enhancing interaction between the companies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Revolution of Digital Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The new innovations have also brought about economic growth through globalization whereby one can even buy and sell products online without necessarily having to travel long distances in order to carry out negotiations and so everyday life of people have been made easier. Electronic commerce as a result of internet allows efficiency on the consumer’s prices for goods and services because middlemen which have the effect of increasing the prices are eliminated as the supplier is able to sell his or her goods directly to the consumers. The negative effects as a result of revolution of digital technology includes the fact that the companies’ productivity is often reduced as employees spends much time pursuing their own interests using the digital devices that are found in the workplace e.g. playing computer games, chatting on the social network sites such as facebook and twitter,accesing emails e.t.c. The other negative impact as far as the revolution of digital technology is concerned is that there is less privacy because the information that is stored in the digital devices is susceptible to be accessed by people who were not intended to view it. Some of the information that is found in they internet for instance may not be suitable for people of all ages such as underage as it have unethical elements such as pornography e.t.c. due to the fact that organizations as well as individuals are allowed to publish any topic whatsoever to the world at large at minimal costs (World Culture Report, 1998). This has been a major concern for many parents as the students performance in schools continue to deteriorate because they spends much of their time either listening to music with their iPods, downloading music, watching movies and video clips e.t.c.instead of concentrating in their studies (Creeber Martin, 2008). There has also been an increase in frauds as far as the revolution in digital technology is concerned e.g. the cyber crime with the World Wide Web which has resulted to huge losses among the victims (Vikas, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Challenges of digital revolution The path towards digital revolution has not been all smooth as it has been met with challenges and the main one being digital divide (Challoner Gribbin, 2002). The gap between those who have access to information technology and those who do not have is quite wide and this has made the revolution in digital technology not to be uniform because there are societies that continues to lag behind and resulting into digital divide. The digital divide occurs mainly in the low developed nations with many people being unaware of the current digital technologies and so the revolution process cannot be carried out effectively as the people behind revolution cannot be able to get feedback on the existing products. Another challenge that is common in the digital revolution is the rate at which the evolution takes place implying that ones digital gadgets as well as programs are always at a risk of becoming obsolete due to the revolution of more effective ones and hence a person will be required to seek for the digital devices that are currently in use which is a bit costly (Hofstede, 1997). There are also concerns about trademarks and copyrights as a result of revolution of the digital technology as consumers have resulted to duplicating the original protected works instead of purchasing the original product from the manufacturers. The music and film industry is the one that has been greatly affected by these violations. This has in turn led to the killing of the morale of the original manufacturers. The emergence of counterfeit products in the market have also made it hard for the consumers both differentiate between the original products and the fake ones and this have the effect of hindering the product innovation Conclusion The digital revolution have spurred economic growth as a result of the innovations and with the personal computers advent, information management about products, people and processes became crucial in each and every s ector of the economy. The mere convergence of communication, computing and the content enhanced the digital revolution as well as digital economy. In today’s world, societies have adequate infrastructure concerning information and communication technology as revolution still continues and thus reaping benefits as a result of the advancement in technology. As competition increases in businesses, innovation is being considered as the key factor for success and so there is need to encourage the under developed nations to be innovative enough so that they can be able to compete effectively with the developed nations (Hofstede, 1997). Reference List Challoner, J. Gribbin, J (2002).The Digital Revolution. London: DK Pub Creeber, G. Martin, R. (2008).Digital cultures. London: Open University Press. Hoare, S. (1998).Digital Revolutiion: 20th century inventions. Whyman: Raintree Steck- Vaughn. Hofstede, G. (1997).Culture and Organizations Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw Hill. Vikas, M. (2002).Annals of Indian Language Computing: Goa International. UK: Conference on Universal Knowledge and Language. World Culture Report. (1998).Culture, Creativity and Markets. US: UNESCO

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Seventeenth-Century Art Royalty and Riches Essay

Seventeenth-Century Art Royalty and Riches - Essay Example The illusionistic style that had been developed presented a different angle to the viewer to deter from the usual pieces known to predict some societal events. Some of the paintings in the seventeenth century had been based on the Ostentatious Illusionism. The concept saw the application of an illusion style that had been meant to cause impressionism in the minds of the viewer. The concept saw inclusion of visual elements that cause an impression that saw critical elements that defined the composition. The seventeenth century paintings had been based on the aspect of visual illusion and distortion of elements to suit the provision of delivering a composition that contain the illusionistic elements (Stella 1986, p28). Moreover, Christianity had influenced the period and artists were under the authority of the church to create pieces that depicted the religious forms. The seventeenth century art had mostly been based on the two styles of illusionism and realism that saw the development of outstanding pieces mostly ceiling paintings that had been commissioned by the church. The style saw the influence in art across Europe, particularly in the Baroque period and the paintings by some famous Dutch artists. The style that had been dubbed Ostentatious illusionism saw a massive contribution to the development and creation of the seventeenth-century paintings and influenced various artists in differentiated ways. Baroque The seventeenth century witnessed the development of elements to derive the component of illusion to develop the known Baroque style. The period had been marked by the discoveries in the scientific technology and numerous religious developments that saw the enhancement of a style that held numerous techniques. The illusionism created in the Baroque era had been the response derived by the artists of the technique to develop the perception criteria (Stoichit?a? 1997, p117). Art pieces needed to hold more effects and meaning to the viewer and bear added l iteral definition. The artists managed to create forms that had structures meant to create an outstanding effect to the perception that meant the application of a unique illusionistic style. Within the baroque style, trompe l’oeil painting style had been developed to highlight the illusionistic effects. Within the Baroque style, the outstanding style that had been developed saw the development in the illusionistic ceiling paintings. In the style, the developed techniques saw illusion develop in the theme of di sotto in su and the renowned quadrata techniques of completion in paintings. With these forms, the style developed saw the inclusion of an outstanding perspective element that distorted the ceiling paintings to appear to have an extended dimension. The style saw the development of a three-dimensional illusion within a developed two-dimensional surface. The other illusionistic forms developed the perspective element and invention of trompe l’oeil that advanced the distortion element within paintings in the seventeenth century (Peucker 2007, p9). The style witnessed the increased definition of concepts to include an added meaning to the completion of works. The church grew more interested in the artistic influences and sought to incorporate illusion within the pieces created. The artists chose to adopt the illusion technique in Baroque to intrigue the viewer and enable the church to spread the needed

Friday, October 18, 2019

No fault divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

No fault divorce - Essay Example It does not however mean that the repeal or reform of no-fault divorce will effectively reduce the rate of divorce generally. Indeed, at this moment in time, I really want to believe that at this moment in time a fault requirement would do more harm than good. In the short term, the need to establish a legal finding of fault may prevent some divorces from happening, and encourage couples that are contemplating divorce to work out their marital difficulties. But the deterrent effect is likely to be weak. A lot of people do not think of divorce until their marriage is in very bad shape; by which time, the marriage will be very difficult to salvage. Moreover, the fault requirement would also be indiscriminate in its deterrent effect. Some marriages especially those that involve physical violence and abuse that rightfully should end will be preserved. Unfortunately, fault is likely to be most successful in deterring socially isolated women, often-battered wives, from seeking divorce. It would be wrong indeed if a pro-marriage policy unintentionally became a pro-bad-marriage policy, giving aid and comfort to the critics of the institution. Fault law invites unending litigation, and thus intensifies and prolongs conflict. Requiring fault would be bound to hurt the children (if there are any) who will be caught in the middle. On thing we should have learned from thirty years of high divorce, is that: When divorcing parents have legal incentives to fight, they will. And fault gives them yet another incentive. Inevitably, children will be recruited as informants and witnesses in the legal battle to establish fault. The faultfinding may also be exploited to prejudice or interfere with the child's attachment to the parent who is at fault. Of course, this ugly practice of blaming and discrediting the other parent goes on under no-fault divorce law, but fault will provide legal justification for such behavior. Moreover, establishing fault in contested cases would require more aggressive and time-consuming litigation and thus more billable hours from lawyers, therapists, private investigators, pension specialists, expert witne sses, and all the others in the divorce industry. This will create financial constraints and burdens for those who can least afford it. The Ivana Trumps of this world may have the resources to fight a protracted fault battle (and to win some of its spoils) but not the average first wife, especially if she has spent her life as a full-time wife and homemaker. Since most legislation limits fault to contested divorces involving children, children are likely to be the biggest economic losers. Marital assets will be squandered and dissipated in fault battles, leaving fewer resources for the maintenance and care of the children after the divorce. Some proponents of fault argue for higher barriers to divorce, as this in their reasoning will increase commitment to marriage. They say the harder it is to get divorce, the more couples will try to maintain their marriages right from the beginning. This argument seems appealing viewing it on the surface, but it is not so persuasive when viewed c ritically, especially when we consider those that will be most heavily influenced by the reintroduction of fault: the young adults approaching marriage for the first time. Today's young adults, many of who are products of divorced marriages, are more ignorant and wary of marriage than the earlier

Class,but not race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Class,but not race - Essay Example Cross racial coalitions can be built if people belonging to the same class are categorised into the same group. For instance, people belonging to the same class like rich whites and blacks can get similar preferences and they can get the same opportunities for advancement in their lives. in other words, the element of class can create equality among different people compared to the aspect of racial equity. If the issue of race is taken into account, even rich blacks can be looked down upon besides the fact that they belong to the same class. Grouping people on the basis of race is discriminatory. It shows a lot of gaps between different races such as whites, blacks as well as Asians. In other words, the issue of race cements the element of white supremacy where they are treated as superior than any other race which might not be true. When preferences are allocated on the basis of class, the disadvantaged people are also considered since a certain percentage of places in a given institution would be reserved for

Proposed project plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposed project plan - Case Study Example Efforts must be made to increase the enrollment of patients under the existing safety net programs such as the community health centers, local health clinics and public hospitals as well as Medicaid. The Medicaid care should expand its outreach to include people with low incomes and provide 100% insurance coverage, or offer coordinated health care service in association with other managed care organizations. Effective insurance market reforms must be initiated to ensure development of independent / private plans which are independent from the government run health plans in a bid to offer a level playing field to the private insurance companies. The individuals must be empowered and given a say in choosing their health care plans, and voice their opinions on the issue of insurance coverage available to them. They should be enabled to choose their own health plans and health care providers and must be included to share costs to reduce the financing burden on the federal government agen cies. 2. Existing attempts, programs and interventions implemented by the health care organizations: The federal government established laws and introduced policies in order to ensure equitable access to health care

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Management - Managing People For A Competitive Advantage Essay

Management - Managing People For A Competitive Advantage - Essay Example A common and visible example of unfair discrimination is a company asking for women applicants to be over 40 (so as to avoid the loss incurring out of leave of absence due to child birth). (B) Fair Discrimination Discrimination usually carries a negative connotation, kind of a stereotype for the word. However, the term does have a positive note, discriminations such as ‘teens below 16 should not be allowed to drive’ is a positive stereotype for the term as it is rationally correct. Fair discrimination is when the discrimination is (Featherman, Hall and Krislov 77-79) (Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration): (i) Mandatory by law (example: Children below 16 cannot drive) (ii) â€Å"Based on affirmative action† (Simon 3-7) (example: setting up quotas based on gender or race). The positive effects of affirmative action are quite controversial, Rai and Critzer (2000, p. 8-11) argue that government authorized or forceful discrimination (quotas) is also unfair discrimination as such an activity might allow a person with lower qualification get the ‘quota advantage’.

Identification of Problems and Justification for Target Corporation Case Study

Identification of Problems and Justification for Target Corporation - Case Study Example The management system was not in touch with the realities of the Canadian consumers needs. The analogous approach by the management without incorporating the difference in dynamics in culture, demographic and perception of Canadians in comparison to the US consumers by the management played a key role. However, current the leadership of the company has exchanged hands from Tony Fisher to Mark Schindele. This clearly demonstrates that indeed failure of success of the company emanated from the management execution (which might have been poor). Mark Schindele has the mandate and the responsibility to ensure that Target Canada is revived (Pirouz and Hong Para 1). Sourcing merchandise was a critical problem at the company. The storing inventory and distribution of products to the stores doubled the problem. Moreover, Target Canada relied on retailers to distribute its merchandise hence stocking became a real problem. Keeping shelves stocked with minimum stock proved challenging for the company. Majority of the stores were empty. It is completely impossible to sell products that are not available. In less than a year Target opened more than a hundred store with few national distribution centers that were to services these stores. It was impossible to distribute the right product to different stores in a manner that would commensurate with the products that the respective stores actually needed. For instant, in Windsor store, the products offered did not match the taste and preference of the locals. Customers would walk into the stores and would hardly find the desired products. The management was unconscious of the customers’ need analy sis at its various stores.   Many shelves were empty because the stores had too many that they did not need and had little that they needed. It is difficult, in fact next to impossible to change customers shopping habits with empty shelves. Impulse buying may be limited in such scenarios. Basic commodities such as food and other consumables (which are known to run repeat business) were most cases unavailable. In addition, replenishing the products at the stores was poor due to the poor execution of the distribution strategies.   The most affected products were the perishable products. Food and grocery being sourced by a potential competitor called Sobey. Perhaps Sobey stalled in its partnership with Target Company in order to have a competitive age. Another instant was the poor choice of in-store coffee shop. Target Canada was widely and wildly anticipated to prefer Tim Holtorns Company to Starbucks as an in-store coffee shop.   Experts view that had the company partnered with Tim Holtorns then it would have been an ideally strategy to enter into the Canadian market using Tim Holtorns.

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Proposed project plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposed project plan - Case Study Example Efforts must be made to increase the enrollment of patients under the existing safety net programs such as the community health centers, local health clinics and public hospitals as well as Medicaid. The Medicaid care should expand its outreach to include people with low incomes and provide 100% insurance coverage, or offer coordinated health care service in association with other managed care organizations. Effective insurance market reforms must be initiated to ensure development of independent / private plans which are independent from the government run health plans in a bid to offer a level playing field to the private insurance companies. The individuals must be empowered and given a say in choosing their health care plans, and voice their opinions on the issue of insurance coverage available to them. They should be enabled to choose their own health plans and health care providers and must be included to share costs to reduce the financing burden on the federal government agen cies. 2. Existing attempts, programs and interventions implemented by the health care organizations: The federal government established laws and introduced policies in order to ensure equitable access to health care

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Identification of Problems and Justification for Target Corporation Case Study

Identification of Problems and Justification for Target Corporation - Case Study Example The management system was not in touch with the realities of the Canadian consumers needs. The analogous approach by the management without incorporating the difference in dynamics in culture, demographic and perception of Canadians in comparison to the US consumers by the management played a key role. However, current the leadership of the company has exchanged hands from Tony Fisher to Mark Schindele. This clearly demonstrates that indeed failure of success of the company emanated from the management execution (which might have been poor). Mark Schindele has the mandate and the responsibility to ensure that Target Canada is revived (Pirouz and Hong Para 1). Sourcing merchandise was a critical problem at the company. The storing inventory and distribution of products to the stores doubled the problem. Moreover, Target Canada relied on retailers to distribute its merchandise hence stocking became a real problem. Keeping shelves stocked with minimum stock proved challenging for the company. Majority of the stores were empty. It is completely impossible to sell products that are not available. In less than a year Target opened more than a hundred store with few national distribution centers that were to services these stores. It was impossible to distribute the right product to different stores in a manner that would commensurate with the products that the respective stores actually needed. For instant, in Windsor store, the products offered did not match the taste and preference of the locals. Customers would walk into the stores and would hardly find the desired products. The management was unconscious of the customers’ need analy sis at its various stores.   Many shelves were empty because the stores had too many that they did not need and had little that they needed. It is difficult, in fact next to impossible to change customers shopping habits with empty shelves. Impulse buying may be limited in such scenarios. Basic commodities such as food and other consumables (which are known to run repeat business) were most cases unavailable. In addition, replenishing the products at the stores was poor due to the poor execution of the distribution strategies.   The most affected products were the perishable products. Food and grocery being sourced by a potential competitor called Sobey. Perhaps Sobey stalled in its partnership with Target Company in order to have a competitive age. Another instant was the poor choice of in-store coffee shop. Target Canada was widely and wildly anticipated to prefer Tim Holtorns Company to Starbucks as an in-store coffee shop.   Experts view that had the company partnered with Tim Holtorns then it would have been an ideally strategy to enter into the Canadian market using Tim Holtorns.

Causes of corruption & its remedies Essay Example for Free

Causes of corruption its remedies Essay An act done with intent to give some advantage inconsistent with official duty and the rights of others. It includes bribery, but is more comprehensive; because an act may be corruptly done, though the advantage to be derived from it be not offered by another. Sometimes corruption is understood as something against law; such as, a contract by which the borrower agreed to pay the lender usurious interest. It is said, in such case, that it was corruptly agreed, etc. CAUSES OF CORRUPTION: The causes of corruption are many and complex. Following are some of the causes of corruption.  µ Emergence of political elite who believe in interest-oriented rather than nation-oriented programmes and policies.  µ Artificial scarcity created by the people with malevolent intentions wrecks the fabric of the economy.  µ Corruption is caused as well as increased because of the change in the value system and ethical qualities of men who administer. The old ideals of morality, service and honesty are regarded as an achronistic.  µ Tolerance of people towards corruption, complete lack of intense public outcry against corruption and the absence of strong public forum to oppose corruption allow corruption to reign over people.  µ Vast size of population coupled with widespread illiteracy and the poor economic infrastructure lead to endemic corruption in public life.  µ In a highly inflationary economy, low salaries of government officials compel them to resort to the road of corruption. Graduates from IIMs with no experience draw a far handsome salary than what government secretaries draw.  µ Complex laws and procedures alienate common people to ask for any help from government.  µ Election time is a time when corruption is at its peak level. Big industrialist fund politicians to meet high cost of election and ultimately to seek personal favour. Bribery to politicians buys influence, and bribery by politicians buys votes. In order to get elected, politicians bribe poor illiterate people, who are slogging for two times’ meal. REMEDIES OF CORRUPTION Is it possible to contain corruption in our society? Corruption is a cancer, which every Indian must strive to cure. Many new leaders when come into power declare their determination to eradicate corruption but soon they themselves become corrupt and start amassing huge wealth. Many People become materialistic and money oriented, there is no important of ethics and morals in business dealings. Many people thinking that money which coming to their pocket is good, same way many thinking that money which going out from their pocket is bad, but they don’t consider the way money traveling. This is because these kinds of people have no moral accountability to anybody; and these kind have people have full trust on money, they strongly believing that money can hold big role in their life, they believing that money can solve their current and future problems, they believing that money can give them life without problems. Some of the remedies are given below:  µ What can be remedy of corruption? It can be only possible if people can understand and start to believe the values of ethics and morality in their life. People will start to believe that their life is accountable if they really start to believe in GOD, in oneness of GOD and if they really start to live life on the way which GOD has chosen for mankind. GOD has given the wisdom to each and every human being, heart of everyone telling him/her that the way he/she following to get money is good/bad. The most important thing is person should listen and follow the good part of his heart.  µ Foolproof laws should be made so that there is no room for discretion for politicians and bureaucrats. The role of the politician should be minimized. Application of the evolved policies should be left in the hands of independent commission or authority in each area of public interest. Decision of the commission or authority should be challengeable only in the courts.  µ Cooperation of the people has to be obtained for successfully containing corruption. People should have a right to recall the elected representatives if they see them becoming indifferent to the electorate.  µ Funding of elections is at the core of political corruption. Electoral reforms are crucial in this regard. Several reforms like: State funding of election expenses for candidates; strict enforcement of statutory requirements like holding in-party elections, making political parties get their accounts audited regularly and filing income-tax returns; denying persons with criminal records a chance to contest elections, should be brought in.  µ Responsiveness, accountability and transparency are a must for a clean system. Bureaucracy, the backbone of good governance, should be made more citizen friendly, accountable, ethical and transparent.  µ More and more courts should be opened for speedy inexpensive justice so that cases don’t linger in courts for years and justice is delivered on time.  µ Local bodies, Independent of the government, like Lokpals, Lokadalats, CVCs and Vigilance Commissions should be formed to provide speedy justice with low expenses.  µ A new Fundamental Right viz. Right to Information should be introduced, which will empower the citizens to ask for the information they want. Barring some confidential information, which concerns national and international security, other information should be made available to general public as and when required. Stringent actions against corrupt officials will certainly have a deterrent impact. CONCLUSION Corruption is an intractable problem. It is like diabetes, can only be controlled, but not totally eliminated. It may not be possible to root out corruption completely at all levels but it is possible to contain it within tolerable limits. Honest and dedicated persons in public life, control over electoral expenses could be the most important prescriptions to combat corruption. Corruption has a corrosive impact on our economy. It worsens our image in international market and leads to loss of overseas opportunities. Corruption is a global problem that all countries of the world have to confront, solutions, however, can only be home grown. I used the sentence â€Å"we the common man are the solution† because we are the only reason why corruption is so popular in INDIA. We are the persons who are motivating corruption to be successful. We support corruption that is why it exits. Since we are the only person who elects ministers that are supporting corruption in INDIA. Common citizen of INDIA let us start working from now onwards with common goal of removing corruption from INDIA. Think the day when we will achieve our goal and whole world will say â€Å"INDIA IS AN DEVELOPED COUNTRY.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Global Pharmaceutical Industry

Global Pharmaceutical Industry Introduction The Global Pharmaceutical Industry is one of the multinational industries which gained a high cycle of growth especially in 1960s and the industry is in high risk, regulated and driven by lengthy RD expenditures. The industry can be different in medicinal chemical, biological, ethical, proprietary product and private formula manufactures by their backgrounds and operation sectors and does not cover consumer or animal healthcare. In 2008 total revenue of global pharmaceutical industry was $615.1 billion and expected to reach $734 billion at the end of 2013. United States, Europe and Japan are the largest pharmaceutical market. The report critically analyse the Global Pharmaceutical Industry, importance and growth with the expect of internal and external environment analysis, plausible views of industry in the future and moral values. (Global pharmaceutical). A: identification of the main environmental forces currently affecting the pharmaceutical industry. PESTLE PESTLE analysis used to help organisation to understand in depth that what is the current status of the organisation and the external factors which are effecting. It also helps to the Management to make strategy for the future and overcome the weak areas of the organization. PESTLE is comprises of political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors. (Author) Political The both policies (domestic and foreign) of government have a great effect on the industry innovation as compare to the other factors. To get the attentions of firms due to increase the economic importance, government offer special incentives which encourage to the industry to globalisation. For example GSK increase their operations in Singapore due to low taxes and others government support. Same like, United States purchase more than 45% of drugs, the main reason is to allow foreign industry to compete with local which may help to low prices and reduce health budget. (David Floyd, 2008) From 1980 governments focused on pharmaceutical industry to handle the challenges of price control, monopoly and trade. For example in the European countries like Spain, Portugal, France and Italy the pharmaceutical market is cheap and thus these countries are used to ship their products to UK, Germany and Sweden for high price market. In US the price of pharmaceutical goods are high as compared to neighbours country Canada due to the lake of price control. Like in US Lipitor (cloistral medicine) were sold with $3.20 per pill in 2003 as that of $1.89 per pill in Canada. (Sarah Holland Jul 2004 ) Environment Environment movements are real threats for Pharmaceutical industry as these movements focus on green environments and reduce chemicals and carbon which comes from pharmaceutical industries. It is not being possible to ignore these issues as they are supposed to be practiced under United Nation charter for clean and better environment. For example Pfizer is a well reputed British Pharmaceutical company which has aims to save the environment as much as possible from chemicals, waste water which includes active pharmaceutical ingredients mixture of different compounds and carbon which comes from their pharmaceutical industries. Different strategies could be used to reduce carbon and chemical waste from drugs for human environment, like proper consumption ,good way of savages for hospitals waste water like advance waste water treatment technology, private house hold expire drugs, training and education of medical professionals to reduce over prescription, and public education and awareness. These strategies could be help full for save green house environment from drugs. In conclusion if we do focus on three principal strategies to reduce the input of chemicals compounds, carbon, and waste water in to the environment are substitution of complex chemical compounds, advance technical approach, and proper education and training of doctors, retailers and consumers. (Klaus Kà ¼mmerer, 2009) Social The social life, physical activities and level of health of a community affects the pharmaceutical industry. Change in social life and trends mention new direction for the local and national pharmaceutical industry. In the same way age of the individuals deeply change the dimensions of the industry like the citizen of a community aged more than 60 yeas consumes more drugs than the young people. Recently, the industry gets attraction and become more popularafter impact of global diseases e.g. SARS, AIDS, because of media and government attention. (Micheal A. Santoro, Date not available) Technology: Technology plays a vital role in to pharmaceutical industries according to current state of art methods for development and manufacturing of drugs and open new ways of research and invention. The usage of advance technologies automatically impact on social, economic, and environment. Advance technology in pharmaceutical industries help full to accurate characterize chemical compounds, better control on new enhance scientific methods and their optimization. Which decrease extra time, money and efforts and produce more accurate drugs for specific disease, and decrease all hurdles from research to manufacturing efficiently, reliably, and rapidly. (Troy Shinbrot, Benjamin J. Glasser, 2002) Economy Currently the pharmaceutical industry is less affected as compare to other manufacturing industries and until 2011 the industry is ideal for foreign direct investment growth. (World investment prospect survey, 2009). Despite this, in 2002 slow economy growth put the pressure on the EU market and restricts it to 8%. The global pharmaceutical industry is effecting due to interest, taxes, inflation and exchange rates which are included in the economic factors of global pharmaceutical industry. Change in the foreign currency rates makes affects on the exports and imports of drugs. High interest rates discourage investment the industry for firms and stake holders. Research and Development is a lengthy procedure which have also economically effect on the industry. Mergers and diversification allows the industry to enter in new market or develop new drugs. In 1996 two big companies, Swiss giants Ciba and Sandoz, merged one company called Novartis and attempted to cut RD costs (James H. Tagg art, 1993) Legal Undoubtedly pharmaceutical industry is a highly regulated and patent law. Pricing policies and product liability laws on pharmaceutical innovation are highly affected. The innovation of pharmaceutical is also affected because of regulation. Which cause delaying the market launch of new products and process through lengthy approval time. In United States the greater restrictions of regulation is evidence to delay in the local market of demanding new drugs. In 1989, 18 of the 23 new drugs introduced and approved for marketing in other countries while in US received their first marketing. (Stevens, Mark, 2009) Furthermore the World Trade Organisation introduced new rules for copyright protection which later overcome the problem of fake production and allowed some relaxation of exporting the Aids drugs to Africa. In 1995, with mutual understanding many countries made different changes in their â€Å"National Laws Governing† IPR which directly impact on pharmaceutical industry. (James, H, 1993) SWOT Swot analysis in pharmaceutical industry provide a crystal clear scenario about on coming threats to this industry , scope of pharmaceutical industry its opportunities , advantages and provide summary analysis of strategic planning model and weakness areas including draw backs ,hurdles related to this industry. Threats The infrastructure of pharmaceutical industries is very different compare to other major Industries. Pharmaceutical approaching techniques state way comes in to open market environment. The influences of government in shape of pricing and legislation individual consumers and whole sellers free choice directly interact with this industry. The most of new drugs approvals and launches has decreased in the past decade, making it hard to make awesome income with these government strategies to decrease health care expenditures gives more threats in pharmaceutical industry. Over the next few years the pharmaceutical industries could be face Series downturn about of patent expiry. Drugs which are contributing 17 to pharmaceutical sales in 2008 lose patent Protection between now and 2012. (K. George Mooney, 2001) Weakness There are multiple examples of weakness associated with pharmaceutical industries. Some are highlights below, for example association of funding and results. Pharmaceutical company funding of clinical trials is strictly linked with published results favouring those companies interests. This is an important issue which should be solved and is major weakness of Pharmaceutical industry. Another weakness in pharmaceutical industry is shortage of supply and demand of men power in industry and output from universities. There is need to collaboration and partnership between pharmaceutical industries, education institutes, and government to deal with the shortfall the challenge comes from balancing education in basic science with training in the emerging areas of science and technology. (R. Barker, M. Darnbrough, 2007) Strengths The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most productive and profitable industrial sectors. Therefore, effective intellectual property protections play a vital role to maintain innovation and research for products development. Study shows that USA UK pharmaceutical industry is one of the most power and successful industry sectors in the world. The main reasons behind is commitment in to RD sector. Thats in turn give sustainable and competitive advantage for more promising growth in industry and its development. Intellectual property protection is a basic strength for the success of the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry is so dependent on the patent protection, because only through strict enforceable patent protection drug companies can generate sufficient revenues. However patent protection is beneficial to inventions in the pharmaceutical industry. (Yu-Shan Chen, Ke-Chiun Chang, 2009) Opportunities Regardless of threats there is vast majority of opportunities with the help of different alliances, pharmaceutical industry can bring amazing resources and capabilities to compete threats and weakness which is now a days industry is trying to coping. New partnerships brings industry in to new market , deal with better trading , better economy opportunities , reducing cost ,and help to develop new inventions and research to compete market . One of the most important reasons for making external alliances is state of the art technologies for new products, invention and research which individual companies couldnt handle and develop by their selves from internal resources. (William W. McCutchen Jr., Paul M. Swamidass, 2004). B: Scenario planning for Global pharmaceutical industry Scenario planning methods used for nature and impact of the most certain and important driving forces our world; it is a process that encourages knowledge exchange and mutual understanding of the central issues for the future of the business. The demand is increasing for new drugs as the population rises and their medical support need increases. The process of the pharmaceutical industry can vary but the end result must be an action plan for each scenario with the following: o Environmental scan o Scenario options o Financial projections o Action plan describing how the scenario would be implemented Features of Scenario planning and effects. Advantages.  · Multiple scenarios and diverse outcomes.  · It includes various input source and helps in discussing with all the participants. Disadvantages  · Doesnt quantify the value of possible actions and lack structuring futures.  · Non rational procedures for determining the future. Over the next few years, patent expirations will represent lost revenue of between $25 billion and $50 billion which will spur strategic alliances between RD and generic companies. The industry, experts say, will see a move to specialty products to fill unmet needs and a shift from a treatment and/or cure approach to prevention while pressure to bring product costs down will likely determine which products prevail in the marketplace. (Caribbean Business, MARCH 19. 2009) Relationship Management and transportation: It is very important to ensure that there is transparency along the entire value chain and especially in the Pharmaceutical industry as it has become a Global industry. It is also very important to maintain the customer trust and also managing the good relations with the entire stakeholder. C. Identification of implication of changing business environment on pharmaceutical firms â€Å"Drug discovery companies are experiencing many important transformations, which have contributed to the uncertainty of their competitive business environment. The uncertainty is underlined by the abundance of players within the industry.† (Chaudry Dacin 1997, p. 696). Focus and Cost: Pharmaceutical industry should review all their processes to stay competitive. A strong focus on Business and on core business activities. it is the need to have strong focus of developing processes which can be suitable for using across multiple manufacturing sites. Following are the some of the points which are interlinked and have an impact of decision making process, business practices and behaviour patterns.  · Slower and more bureaucratic regulatory procedures:  · Demographic development leads to pressures for medical cost containment:  · Regional integration:  · New directions for organizing health care:  · Rise of patient as consumer:  · Introduction of new innovative technologies:  · Shorter effective product patent life:  · Centralization in drug licensing decisions D: Prevalence of ‘ethical stance in the pharmaceutical industry and its strategic implications. In 1958 the shortage of polio vaccine and negligence in the law of Cutter pharmaceutical were main ethical challenges. Meanwhile the issues of marketing practices, pricing and clinical study has grown up to till date (Offit, 2005). Physicians prescription changes the drug sales efforts and marketing of drug companies. (Katz 2003, Blumenthal 2004 As studied has shown that the drug safety and pricing were the two main ethical issues increased during 2004-2005 and observed with 114 times of drug safety which was followed by 89 times of pricing. According to the (USA today, 2005) report, 27.6 % price of 115 brand were increased in four years which raised the question regarding public perception towards waste advertisement and cost of RD. Even in United State, pharmaceutical firms were involved in pricing and marketing crimes and had to pay more than one billion dollars fine in 2003 The legalisation of importation and reimportation can be factor of drug price was another issue identified many times in Canada. Through reimportation the prescription cost can be cut for patients and helpful to control the healthcare budgets. (Flaherty and Gilbert, 2003). Reference: Chaudry, Peggy Dacin, Peter (1997): â€Å"Strategic Planning in a Regulated Trade Bloc: The Pharmaceutical Industry in the European Union.†, European Management Journal, 15:6, 686-697. Blumenthal, D. (2004), Doctors and drug companies, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 351 No.18, pp.1885-90. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Challenges faced by thepharmaceutical industry, K. George Mooney Volume 12, Issue 4, February 2001, Pages 353-359 Global pharmaceuticals, Datamonitor publication, 2008, [accessed online] available at: www.datamonitor.com Healy, D. (2003), In the grip of the python: conflicts at the university-industry interface, Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 9 No.1, pp.59-71 James, H. (1993), ‘The world pharmaceutical industry 4th edition. Chapman and Hall, London, UK Bà ¡tiz-Lazo, B. and Holland, S (June 2001) Strategy and structure of the pharmaceutical industry, Open University Katz, D., Caplan, A.L., Merz, J.F. (2003), All gifts large and small: toward an understanding of the ethics of pharmaceutical industry gift-offering, American Journal of Bioethics, Vol. 3 No.3, pp.39-46. Offit, P.A. (2005), The Cutter Incident: How Americas First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, The Journal of High Technology Management Research, Volume 15, Issue 2, August 2004, Pages 197-214, William W. McCutchen Jr., Paul M. Swamidass MISG Secretariat (2002), Pharmaceutical Industry Competitiveness Task Force: â€Å"One Year On† Report, Ministerial Industry Strategy Group, London, available at: www.doh.gov.uk /pictf/ pictfonevearon.htm Floyd, D, (2002), Investment Decisions in Eastern Europe, Floyd, D, (2002), Investment Decisions in Eastern Europe, European Business Review, Vol 12, No 2. Yu-Shan Chen, Ke-Chiun Chang .The relationship between a firms patent quality and its market value — The case of US pharmaceutical industry Technological Forecasting and Social Change, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 16 July 2009 R. Barker, M. Darnbrough . The Role of the Pharmaceutical Industry Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II, 2007, Chapter 1.14, Pages 527-552 Micheal A. Santoro, Charting a sustainable path for the Twenty-First Centaury pharmaceutical Industry, Cambridge Univeristy Press, Pages 1 Stevens, Mark , Legal and regulatory updates. Gasson, Tony 2009, Vol. 80 Issue 5, p31-32, 2p, Ebsco publications.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

No Privacy in America :: George Orwell 1984 Technology Essays

No Privacy in America Feeling the need to be â€Å"at the cutting edge of the new† and â€Å"the first on your block to have it† puts us in a race with ourselves to keep pace with the evolving technological world. Cell phones, e-mail, GPS, EZ-Pass, and the entire World Wide Web – all these inventions enable us to live in a world where people across the planet are only milliseconds away. All these new inventions, however, also have a drawback in common – they serve as locating devices for each and every one of us. Privacy has vanished. In George Orwell’s novel, 1984, Big Brother was a character of fiction. He was able to oversee everything and virtually controlled the daily lives of millions of people. Now, as we advance technologically, the thought of Big Brother watching over us isn’t so far-fetched. He could be the government monitoring the actions of you and your family, or he could be your boss at work secretly watching you when you think you’re alone. Or he could even be those closest to you, tracking your every move. Big Brother no longer has to work hard to monitor us, for we’re inadvertently providing his eyes and ears. There’s no question that cell phones are great inventions. I have one and take it with me everywhere I go. â€Å"Never leave home without it,† I tell myself. My cell phone allows me to stay in contact with everyone, all the time. I can call home when I’m out to let my parents know where I am, or I can call my friends to see where we’re going to hang out that night. I even have the New York Yankees scores text-messaged to my cell phone every three innings so I never miss a beat. The benefits of having cell phones are obvious, yet the drawbacks are something to ponder. In this new age of cell phones the concept of â€Å"getting away from it all† has virtually disappeared. When I was visiting a college in April of my senior year in high school, my cell phone rang at least twice each day with people from back home in New Jersey trying to contact me. Sometimes it was my friends calling just to see if I wanted to hang out that night, forgetting that I was 250 miles away.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Teens and Premarital Sex :: Sexual Education Pregnancy Marriage

The Impure Waterwheel Have you ever seen a watermill? Turning continuously, they are bound in an eternal cycle. Continually spinning,, the lack of purity in the United States can be compared to that watermill, a never-ending cycle that threatens to spin out of control. We must intercede. Sex out of wedlock creates dysfunctional families, and teens searching for â€Å"more† in life, who often turn to the reason they're feeling so glum, sex. Having sex out of wedlock is a big problem in the United States that needs to stop. Strained by relationships on the verge of collapse and peer pressure, many teens turn to sex as an escape. Hardly sixteen, Jamie Lynn Spears is an excellent example of how family problems can pressure someone to do things they know they shouldn’t. Jamie Lynn’s sister, Brittany Spears, is undergoing extensive criticism from the media about her recent mental breakdown, this pressure from the paparazzi has taken its toll on Jamie Lynn’s life and she made a bad choice, as so many young people today do. With the baby, that so often follows sex out of wedlock many times a â€Å"family† is quickly formed out of girlfriends and boyfriends who think they’re â€Å"in love†. In many cases, one of the parents will leave, forming yet another dysfunctional family. Dysfunctional families are often unloving and make childhood difficult. Wrestling with their own problems many single parents will simply hang their children out to dry. Basically neglected, children deem themselves extremely reviled and not good enough. Off this assumption of worthlessness, many young people will label or allow themselves to be labeled as â€Å"unloved†. Hated by their parents, or at least feeling they’re hated, teens will go to extensive lengths to find self-worth. While they realize they will never be able to replace their parent’s love, adolescents will always try to find meaning. Teens will search for something â€Å"more† in life, which they never got in their childhood always. If they feel they can’t earn their parent's love young people will turn to other things to satisfy their need to be accepted. Grossly, many teens turn to drugs or alcohol to try to forget their life. Tortured by life, some people turn to popularity to appease their soul, but none of these alternatives can. Craving love, many teens turn to sex as an alternative to facing reality, or simply as a place to find the love they’ve never felt.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Frankenstein Socratic Seminar Reflection

Frankenstein and Pride & Prejudice Socratic Seminar Reflection This Socratic Seminar made me agree much more with Socrates’ beliefs: that extended discussion and continual questioning facilitate the most meaningful learning experiences. It helped me understand the novel much more than I had before because I got to hear about the book from the perspective of others and how they interpreted the story and discussed what they thought were the positive and negative aspects of Frankenstein.I discovered that many others interpreted some meanings of the novel in the same way that I did. Overall, the seminar went very well in both groups, but there were some negative aspects in both seminars. In the Pride & Prejudice seminar, none of the members proposed any questions in response to an already given question (a rebuttal question). This was not the case in the Frankenstein group, which is good.However, although we did ask rebuttal questions, our group failed to use quotes for support an d our discussion was more of a modern conversation between people with a lot of agreeing and disagreeing, but no evidence for backup. I believe that there was only one person who used quotations and cited them to backup his/her point, who was Matt Kane (I hope you didn’t want us to specify names; at least it’s not a bad comment). The Pride and Prejudice group did fulfill the use of quotations, which evened out the differences between the seminars.There were also many great points brought up in our discussion of Frankenstein, which almost everybody agreed with such as how we appointed Victor Frankenstein as the monster of the novel and not the physical monster that he has created. I would not have thought about many of the things with deeper meanings that were discussed in the seminar by myself. Not only was the seminar itself what helped me to further understand the story, but also the pre-seminar tasks (question responses and formation).Each question coincidentally as ked me something that I had thought about at least one time during the reading, and the required quotations helped remind me of when and where I had encountered the question while reading it. The post-seminar paper (this thing) is helping me because it makes me remember what we talked about during the seminar and how it was effective to understanding the story. Being reminded of how effective the seminar actually was, will make me believe more in the beliefs of Socrates, as well as want to do more seminars for different novels in the future.